Exhaustive Guide to Becoming a Criminologist in India

Right from the morning newspaper, to the evening news, we hear stories of crime gripping the nation. With the rise of crime – both civil, and criminal – there is an inevitable need for professionals, who not only hold the expertise in deciphering causes, and effects of criminal activity; but also are equally adept at strategizing for crime prevention – Criminologists.

 

What is Criminology?

Criminology is a subset of sociology (a core social science discipline) and includes the scientific study of crime and criminal behaviour, including its disclosure, causes, legal aspects, control, and most importantly, rehabilitation. Criminologists measure the effectiveness of a society’s response to criminal activity and propose ways to both prevent and address the same. This answers the question “What is Criminology?”

 

Importance of Criminology?

Criminology is a multidisciplinary field of study that focuses on understanding the causes, consequences, and prevention of crime and criminal behavior. It plays a crucial role in society for several reasons:

1. Crime Prevention and Reduction: Discussing strategies to understand and tackle the root causes of criminal behavior.
2.  Improving the Criminal Justice System: Focusing on enhancements in law enforcement, courts, and corrections based on criminological research.
3.  Enhancing Public Safety: Exploring the role of criminology in identifying crime patterns and developing targeted policing efforts.
4.  Rehabilitation and Victim Support: Addressing the needs of offenders through rehabilitation and providing support for crime victims.
5.  Influencing Social Policies: Discussing the impact of criminological research on the development of crime-related social policies and programs.

 

What does a Criminologist do?

A criminologist is a specialist who investigates different elements of crime, criminal behaviour, and the criminal justice system. Their major goal is to comprehend the causes and effects of crime, as well as to devise solutions for preventing and managing criminal behaviour. Here are some of the main roles and tasks that criminologists often perform:

1. Research: Criminologists perform study to analyse crime patterns, trends, and statistics.  They may collect and analyse data about criminal behaviour using a variety of research  techniques such as surveys, interviews, data analysis, and field observations.
2. Crime Prevention: They concentrate on understanding characteristics that lead to criminal behaviour and developing crime prevention techniques. This may include collaborating with law enforcement agencies, community organisations, and policymakers to develop crime prevention programmes and policies.
3. Criminal Profiling: Some criminologists specialise in criminal profiling, which entails developing profiles of probable criminals based on their behaviour, intentions, and other traits. This may be useful in criminal investigations.
4. Victimology: Criminologists also investigate the experiences of crime victims, including the psychological and social consequences of victimisation. They might focus on building support services and policies to help victims.
5.  Policy Analysis: Criminologists assess current criminal justice policies and practises to measure their efficacy and give suggestions for changes or revisions. They may also be involved in the formulation of new policies and laws.
6. Teaching and Education: Many criminologists work in academia, teaching courses in criminology, criminal justice, and related subjects. They also oversee and guide students who are pursuing research in these areas.
7. Consulting: Some criminologists act as consultants, providing their knowledge to law enforcement agencies, government agencies, and non-profit organisations interested in criminal justice and crime prevention.
8. Expert evidence: Criminologists with specialised expertise may present expert evidence in court proceedings involving criminal behaviour, criminal justice, or crime prevention.
9. Advocacy: Criminologists may campaign for criminal justice reform, social policies aimed at decreasing crime, and the rights of those involved in the criminal justice system.
10. Public Awareness: They often contribute to public awareness and education on crime and criminal justice problems via articles, books, media appearances, and public speaking engagements.

Criminologists operate in a variety of contexts, including universities, research institutes, government agencies, law enforcement organisations, non-profit organisations, and private consulting businesses. Their work is critical for understanding and tackling the complex and multidimensional nature of crime in society.

 

Difference between Criminology, Forensic Science and Criminal Law

People consider criminology to be the same as forensic science and criminal law. It is not. There are many differences between Criminal Law, Forensic Science and Criminology.

While the innate focus of forensic science lies on the scientific study of tracing evidence, criminology encompasses a psychological study of criminal behaviour that lies outside the realm of forensic science. Forensic Scientists follow an investigatory approach, and thus hunt, and analyse physical evidence, such as blood, bodily fluids, hair fibres etc., to help solve crimes. Criminologists, on the other hand, follow an explanative approach that seeks to understand the reasons for crime, and the society’s response to it, at large.

These are the key differences between criminology and forensic science.

The distinction between criminology and criminal law is even more subtle. Criminal law is the study of laws which determine what activity constitutes a crime (or doesn’t), but Criminology is the general study of crime and criminal activity. Criminal Law and Criminology, in essence, are the two sides of the same coin. The former focus on how the crime is constituted, and how should it be punished, the latter emphasises on why it happened, and what should be done to avoid such crimes in the future.

 

How to Pursue Criminology in India

 

Step 1. Pass Class 12th with a Science or Arts Background

Criminology is a career that can be built with science/arts/commerce courses. Recommended subjects include psychology, biology, and sociology.

 

Step 2. Pursue a Bachelor’s Degree

In Criminology: Criminology is a highly specialized course, and hence only a handful of institutes like the National Forensic Science University, offer a B.A.-M.A degree program, in Criminology. Many universities and colleges would offer more generic courses, as discussed below.

In Psychology/ Sociology/ Political Science/ Forensic Science: A more generic route is to pursue graduation in an allied discipline, such as that of psychology, sociology, or forensic sciences. Delhi University, Panjab University, Mumbai University, Christ University, Ashoka University, etc. are some of the leading institutions in the country offering undergraduate education in the disciplines of psychology, sociology, and political science. Admissions to these universities happen either through entrance or merit, or processes defined by the university.

Read More: Careers in Social Sciences & Humanities

In Law: One may also look at pursuing a full-fledged law program, and then pursue criminology as a specialized field of postgraduate study. NLSIU Bangalore, NALSAR Hyderabad, NLU Delhi, NLU Bhopal, Symbiosis Law School Pune & Jindal Global Law School, and Sonepat are some of the leading colleges for Law. Admissions to these colleges happen through entrance exams such as CLAT, AILET, SET, LSAT etc.

Read More: Law as a Career

 

Step 3. Pursue a Master’s Degree in Criminology

A master’s degree is required to enter the professional workspace. While some universities offer specific programs in Criminology, many offer forensic sciences, in combination with criminology. Following are some of the leading colleges, and programs in the space. 

 

College	Program
National Forensic Sciences University	BA-MA Criminology MA Criminology (Full-time)
University of Madras	M.Sc Criminology & Criminal Justice System (Full-time)
University of Lucknow	M.Sc Criminology & Criminal Justice Administration (Full-time)
Tata Institute of Social Sciences	M.A. in Social work (Criminology and Justice)
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University Delhi	MA Criminology
Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Punjab University	M.Sc Forensic Science & Criminology (Full-time)
University of Jammu	PG Diploma in Criminology & Police Science
Savitribai Phule Pune University	PG Diploma in Criminology

 

Pursuing Criminology Abroad

If you’re an Indian student looking to make a career in criminology, abroad, you’re in good company. Though many universities may necessarily not have any subject preferences, some may put a particular subject combination as a part of the eligibility. A background in science, or humanities subjects is encouraged, in a general sense.

World’s best universities, in USA, UK, and Singapore offer amazing options in terms of exposure, curriculum, and research possibilities. Some universities like the Washington State University, and University of Texas – Dallas offer undergraduate courses in criminology.

A more generic route is through the disciplines of psychology, sociology, and law. Yale University, NYU, Stanford University, University of California – Berkeley, University of Bath, University of Oxford, University of Durham, and University of Edinburgh are some of the leading colleges that offer undergraduate programs in these disciplines.

Admission processes vary from country to country, and even school to school, but generally requires a statement of purpose, letters of recommendation, essays, and a standardized assessment.

University of Maryland, University of Pennsylvania, University of Florida, University of Oxford, University of Cambridge are some of the leading universities that offer post graduate courses in criminology. One needs to fulfill the necessary application criteria, which while varying from country to country and school to school, generally consists of standardized testing, resume, statement of purpose, letters of recommendation, and required work experience in the domain.

 

Skills Required for a Career in Criminology

Criminologists are driven by a passion for creating an impact, and for fighting crime. A career in criminology is showcased by many popular TV shows like CSI Miami, and Numbers, all of which portray their protagonists as strong analysts, keen observers, ardent researchers, and strong-valued individuals.

All of this holds true in the real world as well. Research skills, observation skills, ability to connect the dots, logical reasoning, active visualisation, excellent written and verbal expression, empathy, ability to spark a change, and a strong sense of character, are some of the skills that make for an ace criminologist.

 

Professional Opportunities in Criminology

Criminologists study the causes, consequences, and prevention of crime. They play a crucial role in understanding and addressing issues related to criminal behavior and the criminal justice system. Career options for criminologists can be diverse, and they can work in various sectors, including:

1. Law  Enforcement: Criminologists who work in law enforcement agencies are frequently crucial in understanding criminal patterns and assisting in the resolution of crimes. They contribute to criminal investigations by conducting research and analysing data. They may, for example, analyse data to identify trends in criminal behaviour, develop criminal profiles, or evaluate the effectiveness of policing strategies.
2. Corrections and Rehabilitation: Criminologists in correctional facilities are concerned with offenders’ rehabilitation. They create and implement programmes to reduce recidivism by addressing the root causes of criminal behaviour, such as substance abuse or mental health issues. They may also assess the efficacy of rehabilitation programmes.
3. Academia: Many criminologists go on to become educators and researchers in universities and colleges. They conduct original research on criminal behaviour, criminal justice policies, and the impact of crime on communities. They also teach criminology and criminal justice courses, passing on their knowledge to the next generation of professionals in the field.
4. Government Agencies: Criminologists are employed by government agencies at the federal, state, and local levels to work on various aspects of criminal justice. They could be involved in policy analysis, assisting in the development of legislation and criminal justice policies. They may also analyse crime data to identify areas of concern and develop solutions.
5. Private Sector: Criminologists in the private sector may work for security consulting firms, corporations, or insurance companies. They assist businesses in assessing security risks, developing asset protection strategies, and investigating internal and external threats. This can include performing background checks, preventing fraud, and designing security systems.
6. Nonprofit Organizations: Nonprofit criminologists frequently focus on crime prevention, victim support, and criminal justice reform. They conduct research to understand the root causes of crime, advocate for policy changes, and provide services to crime-affected individuals and communities.
7. Legal Professions: Criminologists with expertise in areas such as criminal profiling, forensic psychology, or crime scene analysis can collaborate closely with legal professionals. They may testify in court as expert witnesses, providing insights into criminal behaviour or presenting research findings relevant to a case.
8. Social Services: Some criminologists work in social services agencies, assessing the needs of people involved in the criminal justice system. They may offer counselling, substance abuse treatment, or other services to assist offenders in successfully reintegrating into society. Victim advocates are also employed in this industry to assist crime victims.
9. Consulting: Consultants are criminologists who have specialised skills such as data analysis, crime mapping, or risk assessment. They offer their expertise to a variety of organisations, assisting them in making informed security, crime prevention, and risk management decisions.
10. Cybersecurity: As cybercrime grows, criminologists with a specialisation in cybercrime can work in cybersecurity firms or law enforcement agencies dedicated to investigating online criminal activities. They examine digital evidence, research cybercriminal behaviour, and devise counter-strategies to cyber threats.
11. Research Institutions: Criminologists working for research institutions, think tanks, or policy organisations conduct studies and evaluations related to crime and justice. They contribute to evidence-based policy recommendations and provide policymakers with valuable insights.
12. Forensic Psychology: Forensic psychologists work alongside law enforcement and legal professionals to assess the psychological aspects of criminal behaviour. They may conduct criminal defendant evaluations or provide therapy to people involved in the criminal justice system.
13. Security Management: Criminologists can work in organisations as security managers, developing and implementing security protocols to protect physical assets, employees, and sensitive information. They may also assess security risks and plan emergency response procedures.

Criminologists must have strong analytical, research, and communication skills in order to succeed in these various career paths. They should also stay current on criminology, criminal justice policies, and emerging trends in criminal behaviour. Advanced degrees in criminology or a related field, such as a master’s or Ph.D., can open up more opportunities and allow individuals to specialise in their chosen area of interest within the field of criminology.

 

Criminologists: Driving the Social Change

The most direct implication of a study in criminology is in criminal jurisprudence. Criminologists will have a peculiar outlook towards crime. They may have a different take on the Nirbhaya case, approach Naxalism as an issue beyond a community, or derive meaning from a trend, and simultaneously develop solutions, to address, and prevent. Let’s look at this, while a criminal lawyer, may approach a stance of crime, with a sentence, a criminologist, might devise a sensitization program to make sure that the accused (and the society, at large) knows the causes, and consequences of his behaviour. They approach crime, with an academic stance.

A paradigm shift has been observed in criminal jurisprudence, litigation, and sentencing. The Indian Legal System, once an ardent believer of deterrent sentencing, is gradually progressing towards reformative sentencing, with a focus on rehabilitation. Tihar Haat, a venue for the purchase of products made by inmates of Tihar Jail, is an example of the impact, a criminologist can make on punishment.

The most exciting facet of the study of criminology is that its knowledge can be applied to various professions, and academic domains, in the purview of the societal study as a whole. Anthropology, human behaviour, politics & policy formulation, say are domains which have no direct influence with criminology, but yet strike a chord somewhere. Not only this, a professional determined to make it as an ace criminologist can specialise in subjects like victimology ( the study of the nature and cause of victimisation aiding crime victims), penology (studying the correction and control of criminal behaviour), juvenile justice, and crime investigation.

 

Pros & Cons of a Career in Criminology

 

Pros of a Criminology Career:

1. Opportunity for Impact: Criminology as a career presents a huge opportunity for impact. The country is swiftly moving towards a reformative system of punishment and sentencing, and hence there is a need for competent criminologists.
2. Carve Your Own Niche: Criminology presents a very niche domain, hence there is a high chance that with the right education and experience, you can pioneer the study and practice of criminology, and bring about a radical change to the Indian legal and social system.
3. It’s a Progressive Career: Criminology is an extremely new-age career. In a world of hatred, and war, criminologists attack crime, and not the criminal. Many criminals often resort to crime due to many extrinsic factors such as poverty, unemployment, non-sensitization etc. Criminologists present an insightful, creative approach to tackling issues that plague our country.

 

Cons of a Criminology Career:

1. Starting Salaries: Salaries and monetary incentives at the onset of this career are not inviting. However, with experience, one may enter into a consulting role with law firms, NGOs, police forces, rehabilitation centers, and the constitutional bench to advise on projects, policies, social operations, legal proceedings, and simultaneously earn well.
2. Social Acceptance: Criminology, as a career, lacks the social acceptance that other careers such as medicine, engineering, and management enjoy. However, with time, it will change.
3. Challenging Environment: The professional environment for a criminologist to work is extremely challenging. Be it fire-fighting the opinions of people who steer with a conventional mindset, or engaging with criminals, the work is never easy.

 

Irrespective of anyone’s interest, expertise, previous educational background, or work experience, there are plenty of opportunities available in criminology. Whether you like the thrill of working on high-profile cases or the exact art of evidence handling, the chances are you’ll find a fulfilling and rewarding career in such a broad domain.

 

Top recruiters of Criminology in India:

Criminology is not as established a field in India as it is in some other countries, and job opportunities in criminology may be somewhat limited compared to other fields. However, there are several sectors and organizations that may recruit criminologists in India. Here are some potential top recruiters for criminologists in the country:

Government Agencies:

1. Police Departments: State and central police departments hire criminologists as crime analysts, research officers, and forensic experts.
2. Intelligence Agencies: Organizations like the Intelligence Bureau (IB) and Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) may employ criminologists for intelligence analysis and security-related work.
3. Prison and Correctional Services: State prison and correctional departments hire criminologists to work as probation officers, parole officers, and correctional counselors.
4. Legal Aid and Human Rights Commissions: These organizations may hire criminologists to work on issues related to human rights, legal aid, and criminal justice reform.

Academic Institutions:

Universities and Colleges: Academic institutions offering criminology and criminal justice programs may hire criminologists as faculty members, researchers, and lecturers.

Research Institutions:

Research Organizations: Various research institutions and think tanks may recruit criminologists for research positions focused on crime, criminal behavior, and criminal justice policy.

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs):

1.  Victim Support Organizations: NGOs working with crime victims may hire criminologists to provide support, counseling, and advocacy services.
2.  Legal Aid NGOs: NGOs providing legal aid and assistance to marginalized communities often require criminologists to work on legal issues related to crime.

Private Sector:

1. Private Security Firms: Some private security companies hire criminologists to conduct risk assessments, security audits, and related tasks.
2. Consulting Firms: Criminologists with expertise in security, risk management, or legal issues may find opportunities in consulting firms.

International Organizations:

1. United Nations: International organizations like the United Nations may hire criminologists for positions related to crime prevention, criminal justice reform, and human rights.
2.  Legal Firms: While not as common, some law firms may employ criminologists as consultants or experts for criminal cases.
3.  Forensic Labs: Criminologists with a focus on forensic science may find opportunities in government and private forensic laboratories.
4.  Corporate Sector: Some companies, particularly those in sectors like finance, insurance, and risk management, may employ criminologists to help mitigate fraud and security risks.
5.  Cybersecurity Firms: With the rise of cybercrime, criminologists specializing in cybersecurity and digital forensics may find opportunities in cybersecurity companies.

 

Future Prospects in Criminology According to Industry Experts:

The future prospects for criminology are positive, as the field is constantly evolving to meet the needs of a changing society. Some of the key industry trends that are driving the demand for criminologists include:

1. The increasing complexity of crime: Crime is becoming increasingly sophisticated, requiring criminologists with specialized knowledge to analyze and prevent it.
2. The growing need to prevent crime: There is a growing emphasis on crime prevention, and criminologists are needed to develop and implement effective programs.
3. The increasing demand for research on crime: Criminologists are needed to conduct research on the causes of crime, the effectiveness of criminal justice policies, and other related topics.
4. The increasing globalization of crime: Crime is becoming increasingly globalized, requiring criminologists with an understanding of international criminal trends.

In addition to these trends, the increasing focus on social justice and equity is also creating new opportunities for criminologists. Criminologists are increasingly being called upon to help develop policies and programs that address the root causes of crime, such as poverty, inequality, and discrimination.

As a result of these trends, the demand for criminologists is expected to grow in the coming years. Criminologists with a strong understanding of criminal behavior and the criminal justice system will be in high demand in a variety of fields, including law enforcement, social services, research, and policy making.

 

FAQs:

Q: Which is the best stream for Criminology?

A: There is no best stream for Criminology. However, a strong background in science, math, or social sciences is helpful.

 

Q: Can a girl study Criminology?

A: Yes, a girl can study Criminology. There are many successful female criminologists in India and around the world.

 

Q: How is the work-life of a Criminologist?

A: The work-life of a Criminologist can vary depending on the specific job. However, most criminologists work long hours and may be required to work overtime. They may also be exposed to stressful situations.

 

Q: Which is better for Criminology BA or BSc?

A: There is no clear answer to which is better for Criminology BA or BSc. Both degrees have their own advantages and disadvantages. 

 

Q: What is the scope of Criminology in India?

A: The scope of criminology in India is good. There is a growing demand for criminologists in law enforcement, social services, and research.

 

Q: What should I do after 12th for Criminology?

A: After 12th, you can pursue a Bachelor’s degree in Criminology from a recognized university or college.

 

Q: What are the Criminology courses in India?

A: There are many Criminology courses in India. Some of the popular courses include:

Bachelor of Arts in Criminology (BA Criminology)

Bachelor of Science in Criminology (BSc Criminology)

Master of Arts in Criminology (MA Criminology)

Master of Science in Criminology (MSc Criminology)

Doctor of Philosophy in Criminology

 

Q: How can I get Criminology degree?

A: You can get a Criminology degree by completing a bachelor’s degree in Criminology or a related field. You can also get a master’s degree or doctorate in Criminology.

 

Q: Can I do MA in Criminology?

A: Yes, you can do MA in Criminology. There are many universities and colleges in India that offer MA in Criminology.

 

Q: What is the salary of a criminologist in India?

A: The salary of a criminologist in India varies depending on their experience, education, and the specific job. 

 

Q: Can I do BA Criminology?

A: Yes, you can do BA Criminology. BA Criminology is a 3-year undergraduate degree program that provides students with the knowledge and skills necessary to understand crime and criminal behavior. However, these courses are offered by few universities and at the bachelor’s level one can pursue degrees in related fields like psychology, sociology, and law. 

 

Q: What about Bsc Criminology?

A: Yes, you can do Bsc Criminology. BSc Criminology is a 3 or 4 year undergraduate degree program that provides students with a more in-depth understanding of the biological, psychological, and sociological factors that contribute to crime. However, these courses are offered by few universities and at the bachelor’s level one can pursue degrees in related fields like psychology, sociology, and law. 

 

Q: What are criminology subjects?

A: Criminology subjects are as follows: Laws of Crime and Minor Acts, Forensic Science, Cyber Crime, Research Methodologies, Public Administration and Procedural Law, Penology, Laws and Jurisdictions, Criminal Psychology, Forensic Medicine, Police Administration.

 

Q: What are the top 10 criminology colleges in india?

A: Here are the 10 criminology colleges in India:

National Forensic Sciences University

Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai

Savitribai Phule Pune University

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University Delhi

Bangalore University

University of Madras

University of Lucknow

Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Punjab University

University of Jammu

Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya

 

Have anything to add about a criminology career in India? Share with us in the comments!